Success_語法句式與閱讀技巧講義.md

Success_語法句式與閱讀技巧講義.md

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·Agent created by jatlung ting
My Agent·Agent created by jatlung ting

「Something to Shout About」單元 — 語法、句式與閱讀/聆聽技巧講義

配合《Success 主題詞彙複習講義》使用,本份專攻:文法結構、功能句式、DSE 閱讀與聆聽應試技巧


一、文法重點 (Grammar Points)

1.1 分詞子句 (Participle Clauses) —— 精簡句子、提升寫作分數

單元三篇 Reading 文章大量使用分詞子句取代完整子句,這是 DSE 寫作 Level 5+ 的關鍵技巧。

類型原文例句結構解說
現在分詞子句(句首,表同時發生)Reading praise of me and my writing, I could feel within myself an inflation of self-esteem...= As I read praise... 用 Ving 取代 as/when 子句
過去分詞子句(表被動狀態)Saddled by huge financial losses and on the verge of collapse, Apple asked Jobs to come back.= Because Apple was saddled by... 用 P.p. 取代被動原因子句
現在分詞子句(表結果)It has been suggested that Armstrong lost weight from the cancer, making him leaner (and better) cyclist.= ...which made him a leaner cyclist 表示「造成的結果」

寫作應用:描述人物背景或事件因果時,優先用分詞子句開頭,比連續使用 "Because...", "When..." 句式更高階、更緊湊。


1.2 「據說/有人指出」報導句式 (It + passive + that-clause)

新聞、學術性文章常用此結構表達「非本人親口所述、屬引述/推測」的資訊:

  • It has been suggested that Armstrong lost weight from the cancer...
  • It is imperative for children to acquire strong moral values.
  • It is a rare teacher who will be unwilling to offer help. (強調句式,見 1.4)

結構:It + is/has been + p.p./adj + that + 子句 用法:客觀陳述觀點、避免點名消息來源、增加文章的正式感(新聞體、學術體常用)。


1.3 讓步從句 (Concession Clauses)

連接詞例句意思
AlthoughAlthough he had long, unkempt hair and dressed casually, he managed to obtain finance for his first computer.儘管...(表面條件不利,仍然成功)
even if...even if we have yet to wake up to the fact.即使...(尚未意識到,事實依然成立)
now thatNow that Lance is retiring, I think he'd be the first to admit he's not superhuman.既然...(因為現在發生的新狀況)

寫作應用:讓步從句是議論文 (Paper 2) 反駁對立觀點的核心句式 —— 先讓步承認對方論點,再用主句轉折出自己立場。


1.4 倒裝與強調句式 (Inversion & Cleft Sentences)

結構原文例句說明
nor + 倒裝I know I don't dine in fancy restaurants nor am I mentioned in the 'About Town' notes...否定詞 nor 放句首,主謂倒裝(助動詞提前)
It is + 名詞/形容詞 + who/thatIt is a rare teacher who will be unwilling to offer help and guidance.強調句式,突出「教師是罕有的」這一重點
It's + 名詞 + thatIt's a combination that's made Armstrong a rarity among men.強調造成該結果的「原因」是什麼

用法提醒:這類結構在正式書面語(Reading Part 1/3 文章)中十分常見,考生要能「拆解」句子還原成基本結構才能理解句意,例如:

It is a rare teacher who will be unwilling to offer help. → 還原:A teacher who will be unwilling to offer help is rare. (罕有教師會不願意提供協助)


1.5 動名詞作主詞 (Gerund as Subject)

  • Surviving cancer almost certainly made Armstrong a stronger athlete mentally.
  • Reading praise of me and my writing... (注意:此為分詞子句,非動名詞主詞,兩者形似需分辨)

辨析:句首的 -ing 形式,若後面缺少獨立主詞、且該 -ing 短語本身即為句子主語(後接動詞),即為動名詞作主詞;若句子另有主語,則屬 1.1 的分詞子句。


1.6 複合形容詞 (Compound Adjectives) —— 傳記/描述文常見

來自 Steve Jobs 傳記,用於精簡描述名詞特徵:

  • an award-winning advertising campaign
  • high-speed processing
  • an egg-shaped computer
  • a high-technology marketer
  • a brilliantly choreographed demonstration

規律:名詞/副詞 + 形容詞/過去分詞,中間用連字號連接,整體作形容詞修飾後面名詞。寫作時比用關係子句更精簡(例如 "a computer that is shaped like an egg" → "an egg-shaped computer")。


1.7 傳記敘事時態線 (Biography Narrative Tenses)

Steve Jobs 傳記是學習「人物傳記時態運用」的範本:

時態用途例句
過去簡單式敘述主線事件,依時間順序He dropped out of college... He introduced the Macintosh...
過去完成式(隱含)描述某事件發生前已存在的狀態(可延伸:By 1985, tensions had built up within the company.)
被動語態強調動作承受者、弱化施事者Apple Inc. was formed... Sales of the first Macs were disappointing.
現在完成式(結語/總評)總結長期影響、延續至今的意義...he has re-established himself as a master high-technology marketer.

寫作應用:若 Paper 2 要求寫人物小傳(biography / recount),應依此時間軸模式:background (past simple) → key turning points (past simple + passive) → present significance (present perfect)。


二、功能句式 (Functional Sentence Patterns)

2.1 推測語言 (Speculating Language) —— Speaking Part 2 必用

語言強度句式
較肯定They could/might/may be ...
They seem/appear to be ...
表個人推斷I suppose/assume/imagine that ...
It could/might/may be that ...
表不確定但有根據I can't be sure/certain, but perhaps ...
Although I can't be sure, perhaps ...

應用場合:口試 Part 2 描述圖片人物身份/情緒時,不能只講「他好開心」,要用完整句式:"He seems to be extremely proud of himself; I suppose this could be his graduation ceremony."


2.2 比較對比語言 (Comparing & Contrasting)

功能句式
指出共通點Both pictures show ... / In both pictures the people are ... / Both pictures were taken ...
指出主要關聯The main connection/similarity between these pictures is that ...
對比差異The first picture shows ..., whereas the second one ...
In the picture on the left ... whereas in the other one ...
强調最大差異The main/most striking difference between the two pictures is ...
列點式對比There are several differences between the pictures: firstly, ...

2.3 傳達與回應消息 (Giving & Responding to News) —— 按正式度分類

傳達消息(壞消息):

  • 非正式:You'll never guess... / I hate to tell you this, but... / There's a bit of a problem.
  • 正式:I'm afraid I've got some bad news. / I regret to inform you that...

回應好消息:

  • 非正式:You're joking! / That's incredible! / Wow, that's fantastic!
  • 正式:I can't believe this. / That's very good news indeed.

回應壞消息:

  • 非正式:Oh, no! / Oh, what a pity. / Oh, my. That's a shame.
  • 正式:That's terrible/awful/horrible.

日常慣用反應語(Everyday English):

  • Typical!(真係咁㗎喇 / 一貫如此,帶無奈語氣)
  • Alright for some!(有啲人真好命,帶輕微妒忌/揶揄)
  • Poor you!(真慘,表同情)
  • Good for her!(為佢高興)
  • Lucky you!(好幸運喎)

應用重點:DSE 口試評分中「語域 register」是重要一環 —— 要能按對話對象(老闆/同輩)切換正式與非正式的消息傳達語言。


三、閱讀技巧 (Reading Strategies)

3.1 Reading Part 1(三篇短文比對題)—— Strategy Point 摘要

應試步驟:

  1. 先略讀三篇全文,掌握大意(不用逐字看)
  2. 配對文本類型(autobiography / advice leaflet / sports science article)—— 憑語氣、人稱、格式判斷
  3. 回到第一篇,先讀題目和四個選項,再精讀相關段落作答
  4. 逐篇重複步驟 3
  5. 時間許可,重看一次答案

選擇題陷阱辨識:

  • ❌ 選項用詞與原文一模一樣 → 通常是干擾項(表面相似但意思不符)
  • ❌ 選項本身陳述正確,但不是文章問的重點 → 需緊扣題目问的角度
  • ❌ 選項與正確答案幾乎一樣,只差一個副詞(如 "never")→ 要逐字核對

本單元練習體現:

  • Extract A(自傳):態度/語氣推斷題("How does the writer feel about herself?")—— 答案需綜合全段語氣,非單一句子
  • Extract B(Armstrong):因果邏輯題("Why did surviving cancer make Armstrong stronger?")—— 答案分散於多句,需整合
  • Extract C(建議传单):細節查找題("If you do not attend classes regularly...")—— 答案通常可在原文直接定位

3.2 Reading Part 3(長文閱讀)—— 推斷題型訓練

Life's Good 一文訓練的核心技巧是 inference(言外之意):

  • 題目不會直接問「文章說了什麼」,而是問「作者暗示了什麼」("Which of the following is implied...")
  • 解題方法:
    1. 找到題目對應段落
    2. 找出關鍵字/修辭手法(諷刺、比喻、反問句)
    3. 問自己:「作者用這句話真正想表達的態度/立場是什麼?」而非字面意思
    4. 排除「文章沒提到」或「過度引申」的選項

修辭手法識別(本文使用的技巧):

  • 反問句製造諷刺語氣:"Did you notice an outbreak of joviality...?"
  • 比喻:"the palace can be beamed into our living rooms" = 借代/比喻用法,非字面意思
  • 對比結構:"We are healthy, wealthy and wise. Yet we've never felt so bad." —— yet 表達強烈反差,是全文核心矛盾點

四、聆聽技巧 (Listening Strategies)

4.1 Listening Part 2(獨白/新聞報導,句子填空)

  • 先讀題目:填空前後的句子結構會提示需要的詞性(名詞/動詞/形容詞)
  • 辨識複述 (paraphrase):錄音原句與題目用詞不同,要聽「意思對應」而非「字面對應」
    • 例:錄音說 "word of mouth" 對應題目 "one of the oldest methods of ___ a product" → 答案 promoting/advertising
  • 字數限制:留意題目要求 1-3 個詞,多寫或少寫都會扣分

4.2 Listening Part 4(Multiple Matching,多重配對)

  • 特點:兩個 task 基於同一段錄音,但分別配對「身份」與「話題」
  • 技巧:先做 Task 1(身份),第二次聆聽專注 Task 2(話題)
  • 提醒:每個 task 都有 3 個選項是「陷阱項」,不會用到 —— 不要嘗試把所有選項都配對完

五、複習重點整合表

技能範疇本單元訓練重點DSE 對應卷別
文法分詞子句、被動報導句式、讓步從句、倒裝/強調句、動名詞主詞、複合形容詞Paper 1 Part 2, Paper 2 寫作
句式推測語言、比較對比語言、消息傳達語域Paper 4 Speaking
閱讀技巧略讀+精讀順序、陷阱選項辨識、推斷題解法Paper 1 Part 1 & 3
聆聽技巧複述辨識、預測題型、多重配對Paper 3 Part 2 & 4

本講義取材自單元 Reading Part 1/3 文章語法分析、Speaking Part 2 Useful Language、Everyday English、Strategy Points(Reading & Listening)。建議配合前一份《Success 主題詞彙複習講義》一併溫習,兩者主題互相呼應。 __